Manejo clínico quirúrgico de la necrosis pancreática infectada en adultos: experiencia en un hospital especializado, Paraguay / Surgical clinical management of necrotizing pancreatitis in adults: experience in a specialized hospital, Paraguay

Introducción: la necrosis pancreática se presenta entre 10 y 20 % de los pacientes con pancreatitis aguda, tiene una mortalidad de 10 a 25 % y si se agrega infección a la necrosis entre 40 y 70 %. Objetivo: describir el manejo clínico quirúrgico de la necrosis pancreática infectada en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Nacional entre el periodo 2021-2022. Metodología: estudio observacional descriptivo de corte temporal transversal. En pacientes internados en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Nacional por pancreatitis aguda grave con necrosis pancreática infectada. Resultados: se analizaron un total de 30 pacientes. La media de edad fue de 39 años. Predominó en nuestra población pacientes de sexo masculino en el 56.67 %. En cuanto a las comorbilidades asociadas un 33.3 % los pacientes presentaron principalmente Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e Hipertensión arterial; en menor medida Obesidad en un 23.3 %. De la población en estudio 76.6 % recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico y 23.33% tratamiento médico principalmente antibiótico terapia. De los pacientes sometidos a tratamiento quirúrgico 9 fueron a necrosectomia abierta, 7 a drenaje percutáneo, y en menor medida drenaje biliar y endoscópico. En cuanto a la mortalidad por necrosis pancreática infectada encontramos un 10 % de mortalidad. Discusión: la mayor parte de los pacientes con pancreatitis aguda grave sufren de necrosis pancreática; la necrosis pancreática infectada se asocia con mayor riesgo de mortalidad y en su mayoría requieren tratamientos invasivos. Conclusión: el manejo mínimamente invasivo en el tratamiento inicial de la necrosis pancreática infectada podría resolver la mayoría de los casos sin necesidad de realizar necrosectomia; reservando esta última solo a los que fracasan en el tratamiento inicial.

Introduction: pancreatic necrosis occurs between 10 and 20 % of patients with pancreatitis, has a mortality of 10 to 25 % and if infection is added to the necrosis between 40 and 70 %. Objective: to describe the surgical and clinical management of infected necrotizing pancreatitis in patients admitted to the General Surgery Service of the Hospital Nacional between the period 2021-2022. Methodology: this was an observational, descriptive and cross-section study with a temporal cut. We included patients admitted to the general surgery service of the National Hospital with severe acute pancreatitis with infected necrotizing pancreatitis. Results: a total of 30 patients were included. The mean age was 39 years. Male patients prevailed in our population in 56.67 %. Regarding the associated comorbidities, 33.3 % of the patients presented mainly type 2 diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension; to a lesser extent Obesity in 23.3 %. In the study population, 76.6 % received surgical treatment and 23.33 % medical treatment, mainly antibiotic therapy. Of the patients who underwent surgical treatment, 9 were open necrosectomy, 7 had percutaneous drainage, and to a lesser extent biliary and endoscopic drainage. Regarding mortality due to infected necrotizing pancreatitis, we found a 10% mortality. Discussion: most of the patients with severe acute pancreatitis suffer from necrotizing pancreatitis; infected necrotizing pancreatitis is associated with increased risk of mortality and most require invasive treatment. Conclusion: minimally invasive management in the initial treatment of infected necrotizing pancreatitis, which could resolve most cases without the need to perform necrosectomy; the latter should be reserved for those who fail the initial treatment.

Pancreatitis aguda: Puntos clave. Revisión argumentativa de la literatura / Acute pancreatitis: Key points. Argumentative review of the literature

Introducción. La pancreatitis aguda es una condición gastrointestinal común que se asocia a una importante morbimortalidad. Se estima que su incidencia es de 34 por cada 100.000 habitantes, afecta principalmente a adultos a partir de la sexta década de la vida y en nuestra región es debida en la mayoría de los casos a cálculos biliares. Métodos. Se hizo una revisión de los aspectos fundamentales de esta patología, común y potencialmente mortal. Resultados. El diagnóstico requiere del hallazgo de manifestaciones clínicas, aumento de las enzimas pancreáticas en suero y, en ocasiones, el uso de imágenes diagnósticas. Se puede clasificar en leve, moderada y severa, lo cual es fundamental para determinar la necesidad de tratamiento y vigilancia en una unidad de cuidados intensivos. Conclusión. En la actualidad los pilares de manejo de la pancreatitis aguda son la terapia temprana con líquidos, tratamiento del dolor, inicio precoz de la vía oral y resolución del factor etiológico desencadenante. En presencia de complicaciones o un curso severo de enfermedad, pueden requerirse manejo antibiótico e intervenciones invasivas

Introduction. Acute pancreatitis is a common gastrointestinal condition that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It is estimated that its incidence is 34 per 100,000 inhabitants, it mainly affects adults from the sixth decade of life, and in our region, most of the cases are secondary to gallbladder stones. Methods. We present a review of the fundamental aspects of this disease, common and potentially fatal. Results. Diagnosis requires finding clinical manifestations, increased serum pancreatic enzymes, and sometimes the use of diagnostic imaging. It can be classified as mild, moderate and severe, which is essential to determine the need for treatment and monitoring in an intensive care unit. Conclusion. Currently, the pillars of management of acute pancreatitis are early fluid therapy, pain management, early oral food intake, and resolution of the etiology. In the presence of complications or a severe course of the disease, antibiotic management and invasive interventions may be required

Síndrome de desconexión del conducto pancreático

El síndrome del ducto pancreático desconectado (SDPD) consiste en la disrupción del ducto pancreático principal con pérdida de continuidad entre el remanente pancreático distal viable y el tracto gastrointestinal, generalmente causado por necrosis ductal secundaria a pancreatitis aguda grave. Esto resulta en fuga de fluido pancreático, provocando un curso de enfermedad prolongado y complicaciones. La literatura sobre este tema es limitada, con algoritmos de tratamiento poco claros. Hemos realizado una revisión de la literatura sobre el tema. Revisión en Pubmed y Scielo (2011-2021) de artículos en inglés y español utilizando términos «síndrome del conducto pancreático desconectado», «DPDS» y «páncreas desconectado» encontrando 16 artículos relevantes. Dadas las pocas citas, se revisaron las referencias de estos artículos. Finalmente, revisamos un total de 21 artículos. Entre las referencias encontradas existe 1 metaanálisis, 4 estudios prospectivos y no existen ensayos aleatorizados.

Disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome (DPDS) is characterized by disruption of the main pancreatic duct with a loss of continuity between the viable upstream pancreatic parenchyma and the gastrointestinal tract, generally caused by ductal necrosis after severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis. This compromised ductal integrity leads to extraductal leakage of pancreatic secretions, causing a prolonged disease course and complications. The existing literature is limited, with unclear therapeutic algorithms. We have performed a review of the literature on DPDS. Review in Pubmed and Scielo (2011-2021) of articles in English and Spanish using the terms "disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome", "DPDS" and "disconnected pancreas" finding 16 relevant articles. Given the few citations, the references of these articles was reviewed. Finally, we found 21 articles. Among them, there is one meta-analysis, 4 prospective studies and no randomized trials.

Escalating strategies of surgical intervention for infected pancreatic necrosis / 中华消化外科杂志

The step-up approach is the most important modality in the treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis (IPN) and has been recommended by several national and international guidelines. Screening patients with low success rates of percutaneous drainage for timely treatment using the step-up approach and selecting appropriate escalation approach based on IPN staging are expected to improve the overall cure rate of IPN. The open debridement in the step-up approach should be carried out under reasonable indications and timing. When the patient's overall condition is poor and the condition of disease is complex, it is not necessary to adhere to a fixed treatment mode and choose a leapfrogging treatment strategy in a timely manner after thorough evaluation.When following the step-up approach in the treatment of IPN, endoscopic and surgical interventions are advocated in parallel, and escalating and leapfrogging strategies are promoted to establish an integrated, disease-centric, multidisciplinary treatment platform, with the aim of improving clinical prognosis. The authors review relevant literature and combine with team's treatment experience to explore the escalating strategies of surgical intervention for IPN, with a view to further improving the overall cure rate of IPN patients.

Pancreatitis necrotizante en una paciente de 11 años

RESUMEN Introducción: No existen pautas de diagnóstico basadas en evidencias para pancreatitis en la edad pediátrica. La gravedad de la pancreatitis aguda se define según datos de laboratorio, compromiso de tejidos circundantes, además de complicaciones locales como necrosis pancreática, absceso y pseudoquiste. La pancreatitis grave ocurre en 15 a 20 % de todos los casos. Objetivo: Describir el caso de una paciente pediátrica que cursó internación por pancreatitis necrotizante y actualizar acerca del abordaje de esta afección. Presentación del caso: Se trata de una paciente de 11 años sin antecedentes patológicos, que cursó internación por pancreatitis con evolución inusual con hiperglucemias, disnea, atelectasia, derrame pleural bilateral, ascitis y necrosis pancreática. Respondió favorablemente al tratamiento médico establecido. Conclusiones: La pancreatitis aguda constituye generalmente una entidad clínica con pronóstico favorable, en ocasiones pueden aparecer complicaciones por lo que resulta fundamental, más allá de su sospecha y la confirmación diagnóstica, iniciar un tratamiento rápido con fluidoterapia agresiva, tratamiento del dolor, alimentación enteral precoz, y de acuerdo a conocimientos actuales, antibioticoterapia de ser necesario con el objetivo de minimizar la aparición de consecuencias indeseables. El abordaje quirúrgico constituye un procedimiento infrecuente en la actualidad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: There are no evidence-based diagnostic guidelines for pancreatitis in pediatric age. The severity of acute pancreatitis is defined by laboratory data, involvement of surrounding tissues, in addition to local complications such as pancreatic necrosis, abscess and pseudocyst. Severe pancreatitis occurs in 15 to 20% of all cases. Objective: To describe the case of a pediatric patient who was hospitalized for necrotizing pancreatitis and to update on the approach to this condition. Case presentation: 11-year-old female patient with no pathological history, who was hospitalized due to pancreatitis with unusual evolution with hyperglycemia, dyspnea, atelectasis, bilateral pleural effusion, ascites and pancreatic necrosis. She favorably responded to the established medical treatment. Conclusions: Acute pancreatitis is generally a clinical entity with a favorable prognosis ; sometimes complications may appear, so it is essential, beyond its suspicion and diagnostic confirmation, to initiate a rapid treatment with aggressive fluid therapy, pain treatment, early enteral feeding, and according to current knowledge, antibiotic therapy if necessary with the aim of minimizing the appearance of undesirable consequences. The surgical approach is a rare procedure at present.

Drenaje percutáneo trans-gástrico de necrosis pancreática amurallada complicado en paciente pediátrico / WON transgastric percutaneous drainage complicated in a pediatric patient

Resumen Las complicaciones de la pancreatitis aguda se dividen en sistémicas y locales, y entre estas últimas se encuentran las colecciones líquidas pancreáticas agudas, la colección necrótica aguda, el pseudoquiste y la necrosis amurallada pancreática. Se reporta el caso de niña de nueve años con pancreatitis aguda idiopática severa, quien desarrolló una necrosis pancreática amurallada de 75 x 45 mm. Por la persistencia del dolor abdominal y la intolerancia a la vía oral, a pesar del manejo médico, se indicó un abordaje percutáneo transgástrico para su tratamiento. Se obtuvo éxito técnico y terapéutico a través del drenaje de la colección, permitiendo iniciar la vía oral y disminuyendo los requerimientos de analgesia. La paciente evolucionó satisfactoriamente, con alta quirúrgica a los 13 días y retiro del catéter a los 30 días. A los cuatro meses de seguimiento se evidenció una colección recidivante asintomática, manejándose de manera conservadora. Lo anterior permite considerar que el abordaje percutáneo transgástrico es una técnica segura y eficaz; sin embargo, evaluar la efectividad y morbimortalidad en población pediátrica requiere de otros estudios que posibiliten llegar conclusiones que generen mayor evidencia científica.

Abstract The complications of acute pancreatitis are divided into systemic and local such as acute pancreatic fluid collections, acute necrotic collection, pseudocyst and pancreatic walled necrosis. The case of a nine-year-old girl with idiopathic severe acute pancreatitis who developed a pancreatic walled necrosis of 75 x 45mm is reported. Due to the persistence of abdominal pain and intolerance to the oral route, despite medical treatment, a trans gastric percutaneous approach was indicated for the treatment of pancreatic walled necrosis. Technical and therapeutic success was obtained through the drainage of the collection, allowing to start the oral route and decreasing the analgesia requirements. The patient evolved satisfactorily, with surgical discharge after 13 days and removal of the catheter after 30 days. After 4 months of follow-up, a recurrent asymptomatic collection was evidenced, being handled in a conservative manner. The above mentioned allows considering that the trans-gastric percutaneous approach is a safe and effective technique; however, evaluating the effectiveness and morbimortality in pediatric population requires other studies that make possible to reach conclusions that generate more scientific evidence.

Pancreatitis aguda necrosante secundaria a hernia de hiato grado IV complicada: Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Acute necrotizing pancreatitis secondary to complicated grade IV hiatal hernia: A case report and literature review

Introducción. En las hernias paraesofágicas tipo IV se produce la herniación del estómago junto a otros órganos abdominales. La herniación del páncreas es muy infrecuente.Caso clínico. Varón de 57 años que acude por dolor torácico, disnea e intolerancia al decúbito. En la tomografía computarizada toracoabdominal se observa hernia diafragmática que contiene colon transverso, intestino delgado y páncreas, con reticulación de la grasa alrededor del mismo, compatible con pancreatitis aguda. Conclusión. La asociación de hernia hiatal con páncreas herniado y pancreatitis es extremadamente infrecuente. El diagnóstico se estableció mediante tomografía computarizada y el tratamiento fue conservador, con cirugía diferida de la hernia de hiato.

Introduction. In type IV paraesophageal hernias, the stomach is herniated along with other abdominal organs. Herniation of the pancreas is very rare. Clinical case. A 57-year-old man presented with chest pain, dyspnea, and intolerance to decubitus. The thoracoabdominal computed tomography shows a diaphragmatic hernia containing the transverse colon, small intestine and pancreas, with reticulation of fat around it, compatible with acute pancreatitis. Conclusion. The association of hiatal hernia with herniated pancreas and pancreatitis is extremely rare. The diagnosis was established by computerized tomography and the treatment was conservative, with delayed surgery for the hiatal hernia.

Abordaje percutáneo transgástrico en la disrupción ductal del páncreas: serie de casos / Percutaneous transgastric approach in pancreatic ductal disruption: Case series

Resumen Se presentan 6 pacientes con disrupción ductal del páncreas (DDP) tratados mediante drenaje percutáneo guiado por imágenes con apoyo de la endoscopia. Inicialmente, los pacientes presentaron necrosis pancreática infectada tratada con drenaje percutáneo transgástrico y luego de resolver la infección desarrollaron DDP. En el estudio por imágenes se diagnosticaron 4 pacientes con disrupción ductal parcial y 2 con disrupción total, a quienes se les indicó la colocación de una prótesis transgástrica percutánea para lograr el drenaje del líquido pancreático hacia el estómago. La duración promedio de la prótesis fue de 183 días; no hubo casos de mortalidad. Se pudo evidenciar que esta opción terapéutica mínimamente invasiva tiene baja morbimortalidad, por lo que se plantea el abordaje percutáneo transgástrico apoyado por la endoscopia como posible tratamiento de la DDP.

Abstract A total of six patients with pancreatic ductal disruption (PDD), treated with image-guided endoscopy percutaneous drainage were enrolled. Initially, patients had infected pancreatic necrosis, treated with transgastric percutaneous drainage, and after the infection was controlled, they developed PDD. In the imaging study process, four patients were diagnosed with partial duct disruption and two patients with complete duct disruption. In both cases the placement of a percutaneous transgastric prosthesis to drain the pancreatic fluids to the stomach was indicated. The prosthesis remained 183 days on average and there were no mortality cases. This therapeutic minimally invasive alternative has low rates of morbimortality and thus, the endoscopy percutaneous transgastric approach is considered as a viable treatment in PPD.

Pancreatitis necrotizante por áscaris lumbricoides: causas, diagnóstico y tratamiento actual / Necrotizing pancreatitis due to Ascaris lumbricoides: Causes, diagnosis, and current treatment

Resumen La necrosis en la pancreatitis aguda muestra una mortalidad muy alta a pesar de los avances en cuidados críticos. Después de la etiología biliar y alcohólica, la tercera causa más común de pancreatitis es la idiopática, con un 10 % de los casos secundarios a parásitos, y el áscaris es el parásito más común implicado en la necrosis e inflamación del páncreas. Teniendo en cuenta la alta mortalidad que representa la pancreatitis necrotizante, se describe un reporte de caso por ascariasis, destacando su creciente epidemiología, sus causas, su diagnóstico clínico e imagenológico, y su tratamiento antiparasitario según la evidencia actual.

Abstract Necrosis in acute pancreatitis presents a high mortality rate despite advances in critical care. After biliary and alcoholic etiology, the third most common cause of pancreatitis is idiopathic etiology, with 10% of cases related to parasites, being Ascaris the most common parasite involved in pancreas necrosis and inflammation. Considering the high rates of mortality related to necrotizing pancreatitis, a case of ascariasis is analyzed, including its growing epidemiology, its causes, its clinical and imaging diagnosis, and its antiparasitic treatment based on current evidence.

Alimentação oral e gástrica na pancreatite aguda grave / Gastric and oral feeding in severe acute pancreatitis

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: There is controversy about the initiation of gastric or oral feeding in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) because they could increase pancreatic stimulation and exacerbate symptoms and complications. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical characteristics and results of patients with SAP who underwent gastric tube or oral feeding versus parenteral or jejunal feeding. METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out on patients over 18 years old with SAP diagnostic, who had been treated in critical care units. We excluded patients coming from other hospitals and those with incomplete medical records. RESULTS: Thirty patients with SAP were included, fifty three percent of them tolerated the gastric tube or oral feeding, and most of them were females and older than patients who received parenteral or jejunal feeding. Other clinical characteristics and outcomes were similar in both groups. Conclusion: Gastric tube or oral feeding is no absolute contraindication for SAP.

RESUMO CONTEXTO Há controvérsias sobre o início da alimentação gástrica ou oral em pacientes com pancreatite aguda grave (PAG), pois elas podem aumentar a estimulação pancreática e exacerbar os sintomas e complicações. OBJETIVO Descrever as características clínicas e os resultados de pacientes com PAG submetidos à alimentação por sonda gástrica ou via oral versus alimentação parenteral ou jejunal. MÉTODOS Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo em pacientes maiores de 18 anos com diagnóstico de PAG, atendidos em unidades de terapia intensiva. Excluímos pacientes procedentes de outros hospitais e aqueles com prontuário incompleto. RESULTADOS Trinta pacientes com PAG foram incluídos, 53% deles toleravam a sonda gástrica ou alimentação via oral, e a maioria era do sexo feminino e tinha mais idade do que os pacientes que receberam alimentação parenteral ou jejunal. Outras características clínicas e resultados foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos. CONCLUSÃO A sonda gástrica ou alimentação oral não é contra-indicação absoluta para PAG.

Pancreatitis recurrente en pediatría: serie de casos / Recurrent pancreatitis in children: Case series

La pancreatitis recurrente (PR) ocurre en el 15-36 % de las pancreatitis agudas, en la edad pediátrica. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal, para determinar la etiología y la evolución en menores de 18 años con diagnóstico de PR entre 2008-2016 en el Hospital Garrahan. Se incluyeron 10 pacientes, el 90 % de sexo femenino. La mediana de edad fue de 11 años. La mediana del número de episodios fue de nueve. La ecografía abdominal y/o la colangioresonancia iniciales mostraron hallazgos patológicos en cuatro pacientes. De los seis pacientes con estudios iniciales normales, tres desarrollaron signos de pancreatitis crónica (PC), uno con estenosis del Wirsung sugestiva de pancreatitis autoinmune. El 40 % de los pacientes tuvo diagnóstico etiológico. En el seguimiento, tres pacientes con pancreatitis idiopática desarrollaron PC. Los factores genéticos podrían jugar un papel en los casos considerados idiopáticos.

Recurrent pancreatitis (RP) occurs in children between 15-35 % of the cases. To determine the etiology and outcome of RP in children a descriptive, cross-sectional cohort study was conducted in children under 18 years of age with RP seen at Hospital Garrahan between 2008-2016. Of 10 patients with RP, 90 % were girls. Median age of the diagnoses of RP was 11. Median number of episodes was 9. Initial abdominal ultrasonography and/or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography were abnormal in four patients. Of six patients with normal studies at onset, three developed signs of chronic pancreatitis (CP) and one stenosis of the duct of Wirsung suggestive of autoimmune pancreatitis. In 40 % of our patients, the etiology was determined. On follow-up, three patients with idiopathic pancreatitis developed CP. Genetic factors may play a role in patients considered to have idiopathic pancreatitis.

Pancreatitis autoinmune en pediatría. Caso clínico / Autoimmune pancreatitis in children. Clinical case

La pancreatitis recurrente ocurre en el 15-35% en la edad pediátrica. Se define como 2 o más episodios distintos de pancreatitis aguda con normalización de enzimas pancreáticas entre cada episodio. Una de sus causas es la pancreatitis autoinmune. En los últimos 10 años se controlaron, en el Hospital Garrahan, 10 pacientes con diagnóstico de pancreatitis recurrente, de los cuales solo uno tuvo diagnóstico de pancreatitis autoinmune. Se describe el caso clínico de una paciente, que, inicialmente, tenía estudios normales de función y anatomía pancreática y, en la evolución, luego de un episodio de pancreatitis aguda, desarrolló estenosis del conducto de Wirsung sugestiva de pancreatitis autoinmune. Se considera importante describir esta patología infrecuente en pediatría, pero que se encuentra en auge.

Introduction. Recurrent pancreatitis occurs in children between 15 and 35% of the cases. It is defined as two or more separate episodes of acute pancreatitis with normalization of the pancreatic enzymes between episodes. One of the causes is autoimmune pancreatitis. Over the last 10 years, 10 patients with recurrent pancreatitis were sent at our center. Only one was considered to have autoimmune pancreatitis. We described a clinical case about a patient, who had, at the beginning, normal functional and anatomical studies, and then was finally diagnosed with autoimmune disease based on findings on the magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography with a duct of Wirsung abnormality. We considered important to describe this uncommon disorder in childhood, in spite of having an increasing incidence.

Pancreatitis aguda necrotizante infectada. Desbridamiento retroperitoneal video asistido / Infected necrotizing pancreatitis. Video-assisted retroperitoneal debridement

Resumen El tratamiento escalonado de la pancreatitis aguda necrotizante infectada consiste en el uso de antibióticos de amplio espectro, drenaje y necrosectomía mínimamente invasiva, si fuese necesaria. Esto ha reemplazado a la cirugía abierta como el estándar de tratamiento. El desbridamiento retroperitoneal video asistido (VARD), es una forma de necrosectomía quirúrgica mínimamente invasiva. Presentamos una serie de 5 casos (2 mujeres y 3 varones) con pancreatitis aguda grave y necrosis pancreática infectada tratados de forma escalonada y VARD. El rango de edad fue de 27 a 60 años. Todos los pacientes tuvieron pancreatitis de etiología biliar. El rango del APACHE II fue de 16 a 20. El rango del tiempo para el drenaje percutáneo lumbar fue de 4 a 7 semanas. Hubo una complicación del drenaje percutáneo (fistula duodenal) que se resolvió con tratamiento médico. Los cultivos de todas las necrosis fueron positivos. El tiempo para la realización del VARD tuvo un rango de 6 a 10 semanas. Un paciente requirió dos procedimientos. Hubo dos fístulas pancreáticas tipo B asociadas al VARD, que se trataron conservadoramente. No hubo mortalidad. A largo plazo, dos pacientes fueron diagnosticados de insuficiencia pancreática exocrina y endocrina. Concluimos que en los pacientes con necrosis pancreática infectada que requieran desbridamiento, el VARD es una alternativa segura, efectiva y con buenos resultados a largo plazo.

Abstract The step-up approach for infected necrotizing pancreatitis, consisting of broad-spectrum antibiotics, drainage followed, if necessary, by minimally invasive necrosectomy, has replaced open surgery as the standard of management. Video-assisted retroperitoneal debridement (VARD) is a surgical minimally invasive necrosectomy. This is a 5 cases series (2 female and 3 males) with severe acute pancreatitis and infected pancreatic necrosis who underwent step up approach and VARD. The age ranged from 27 to 60 years old. Al patients had biliary pancreatitis. APACHE II ranged from 16 to 20. The time to percutaneous lumbar drainage ranged from 4 to 7 weeks. There was one complication associated with percutaneous drainage (duodenal fistula) with nonoperative management. All necrotizing pancreatitis had positive cultures. The time to perform VARD ranged from 6 to 10 weeks. One patient required two procedures. There were two type B pancreatic fistulas associated with VARD, managed nonoperatively. There was no mortality. During long-term follow-up two patients were diagnosed with exocrine and endocrine pancreatic insufficiency. We conclude that VARD is a safe and effective procedure in patients with infected necrotizing pancreatitis requiring debridement, and with good long-term outcomes.

Familial chylomicronemia syndrome-induced acute necrotizing pancreatitis during pregnancy

Abstract Acute pancreatitis is a rare condition in pregnancy, associated with a high mortality rate. Hypertriglyceridemia represents its second most common cause.We present the case of a 38-year-old woman in the 24th week of gestation with a history of hypertriglyceridemia and recurrent episodes of pancreatitis. She was admitted to our hospital with acute pancreatitis due to severe hypertriglyceridemia. She was stabilized and treated with fibrates. Despite her favorable clinical course, she developed a second episode of acute pancreatitis complicated by multi-organ dysfunction and pancreatic necrosis, requiring a necrosectomy. The pregnancy was ended by cesarean section, after which three plasmapheresis sessions were performed. She is currently asymptomatic with stable triglyceride levels. Acute pancreatitis due to hypertriglyceridemia represents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in pregnant women, associated with serious maternal and fetal complications. When primary hypertriglyceridemia is suspected, such as familial chylomicronemia syndrome, the most important objective is preventing the onset of pancreatitis.

Improving diagnosis of alcohol-induced acute necrotizing pancreatitis / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Introduction@#About 20-30% of patients with acute pancreatitis have a severe disease and mortality rate among inpatients were 15%. There are many causes of acute pancreatitis (AP), but most common cause of AP is an alcohol. According to some studies in our country, alcohol is the number one cause of acute pancreatitis and the mortality rate is 15.3%. Very important for prognosis of disease optimal choice of treatment tactics, detection of infectious evidence of necrotizing pancreatitis. Therefore, based on the above, there is an urgent need to conduct research to address important issues and to improve the diagnosis and treatment of acute alcohol-induced pancreatic necrosis.@*Goal@#Determine the importance of early diagnostic assessment of alcohol induced severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis.@*Materials and Methods@#Research model and research method. We conducted our research using an observational research model and a factual research method.Sampling of research materials will be carried out by targeted sampling. From November 1, 2008 to January 1, 2020, 122 patients who were hospitalized with alcohol-inducedAP were selected and archival documents or medical histories were selected. Statistical analysis was performed using averages and regression analysis methods to calculate the laboratory parameters in the analysis related to the new evaluation system.@*Results@#The minimum age of patients with ANP was 25 and the maximum was 71, with the majority (87.4%) aged 26 to 60 years. When the Person Correlation method calculates the relationship between alcohol consumption and mortality, it is assumed that the weaker the correlation, the higher the amount of alcohol consumed, the lower the cure and the higher the mortality. Of the 31 deaths reported in the study, 24 (77.4%) were hospitalized more than 72 hours after the onset of the disease. Late hospitalization and late treatment of patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) disease have been shown to adversely affect the prognosis of the disease. In our study, all parameters were significant, but procalcitonin, serum amylase, serum lipase, serum LDG8 C-reactive protein, serum glucose was found to be higher than the value specified in the evaluation system for the variable (in determining pancreatic necrosis). АNOVA analysis test showed that white blood cells, procalcitonin, serum amilza, serum lipaza, serumglucose, serum LDG, C-reactive protein were higher than those specified in the evaluation system, and that the level of significance for the variable (indicating a severe pancreatitis or poor prognosis) was higher than other test results (P <0.01). According to the new evaluation system, 12 out of 122 patients were classified as A class or 0-3, 69 (56.5%) patients were class B or 4-6, and 41 (33.6%) patients were class C or >7 points. Of the total cases, 90.1% were rated as severe form of ANP and pancreatic necrosis by the classification system we developed. When we assessed the prognosis with the new assessment system, we found that 100 percent of patients in category A were cured, 89.8 percent of patients in category B were cured, and 41.5 percent of patients in category C were cured and 58.5 percent died. Statistical calculations using the correlation analysis method for the correlation between the score and the cure of the evaluation system shows negative correlation (P <0.01) other words, the higher the score of the evaluation system, the lower the cure rate and the higher the mortality rate.@*Conclusion@#In Mongolia, relatively young men suffer from alcohol-induced pancreatitis.Factors contributing to the development of necrosis in acute pancreatitis include alcohol abuse, prolonged alcohol use, delayed hospitalization, and delayed treatment.In our study, following clinical signs and laboratory findings are effective in distinguishing severe forms of acute necrotizing pancreatitis, early diagnosis, assessment of prognosis. Laboratorytests include: increase in white blood cells, procalcitonin, serum amylase, serum LDH, serum lipase, C-reactive protein and a decrease in hematocrit, serum calcium.

Acute pancreatitis and relative polycythaemia: a case series

Relative polycythaemia is an apparent rise in erythrocyte level in the blood. However, the underlying cause is reduced blood plasma. Relative polycythaemia is often caused by loss of body fluids seen in conditions such as burns, dehydration and stress manifesting itself as a raised Haemoglobin or haematocrit. This case series presents a clinical summary of three patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) and relative polycythaemia due to reduction in plasma volume as a result of intravascular volume depletion as demonstrated by increase in haemoglobin and haematocrit.  Haem concentration may be considered as a marker for acute severe pancreatitis and correcting the volume depletion by adequate fluid improves the outcome of AP as seen in all our three patients.

Hypertriglyceridemia-induced Severe Necrotizing Pancreatitis Following Low Dose Tamoxifen Administration / 대한췌담도학회지

A 51-year-old woman visited the emergency room with severe abdominal pain of acute onset. She had undergone a breast cancer operation one year previously and had been taking a half-dose (10 mg per day) of tamoxifen for 6 months. She was diagnosed with severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis. She had no other specific underlying disease or medical history. She did not drink alcohol and showed no gallstones on endoscopic ultrasound examination. Her blood triglyceride level had been normal before tamoxifen but had gradually increased to 2,534 mg/dL 6 months after beginning tamoxifen. Tamoxifen was regarded as a very likely causative factor for her necrotizing pancreatitis. After discontinuing the drug and receiving supportive care, she eventually recovered, and her blood triglyceride levels dropped to a normal range. Tamoxifen may be a useful drug for treating breast cancer, but doctors should pay attention to the patient's blood triglyceride level during the medication regimen.

Optimal Therapeutic Options for Complex Walled-Off Necrosis: Endoscopic and Percutaneous Drainage / 대한췌담도학회지

Up to 15% of acute pancreatitis can develop to acute necrotizing pancreatitis characterized by necrosis of the pancreas parenchyma and/or the peripancreatic tissue. It is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality compared to interstitial edematous pancreatitis. A collection of fluid and necrotic tissue is called acute necrotic collections (ANC) and may form an enhancing wall consisting of reactive tissue after 4 weeks, which is called walled-off necrosis (WON). ANC and WON could be either sterile or infected. WON is often complex and septated, and when it gets infected or causes other serious complications, drainage or resection is indicated. The traditional approach is to surgically remove all the infected necrotic tissue, but this invasive approach carries high rates of complications and death. The recent advance of percutaneous and/or endoscopic approaches has enabled a stepup method for the management of necrotizing pancreatitis. Herein, the authors focused on the endoscopic and percutaneous approaches for the care of patients with necrotizing pancreatitis.

Expression of toll-like receptor 4/NF-κB signaling pathway in acute necrotizing pancreatitis-associated lung injury and intervention of lipoxin A4 analogue / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective@#To explore the role of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB signaling pathway in acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP)-associated lung injury and the intervention of lipoxin A4 (LXA4) analogue.@*Methods@#Forty-five Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly(random number)divided into the sham operation group, experimental group, and intervention group, each group containing 15 rats. ANP animal models were prepared by injecting sodium taurocholate into biliopancreatic tube in the experimental group. No sodium taurocholate was injected into biliopancreatic duct in the sham operation group. After the preparation of ANP animal models in the intervention group, LXA4 was injected through the tail vein. Rats in each group were randomly divided into 3 subgroups (n=5 each subgroup). The serum amylase, TNF- α, IL-1β, IL-6 and endotoxin levels were detected 6, 12 and 24 h after the operation. The lung injury scores were assessed and the lung wet/dry weight ratio was calculated. The expressions of TLR4 and NF-κB p65 in lung tissues were detected by Western blot.@*Results@#Serum levels of amylase, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and endotoxin in the experimental and intervention groups were significantly higher than those in the sham operation group, while the levels of the above indicators in the intervention group was significantly lower than those in the experimental group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Postoperative lung injury scores and lung wet/dry weight ratio in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the sham operation group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Lung injury scores in the intervention group 6 h after operation had no significant difference compared with those in the sham operation group (P>0.05), while lung wet/dry weight ratio in the intervention group 6 h after operation, and lung injury scores and lung wet/dry weight ratio in the intervention group 12 h or 24 h respectively after operation were significantly higher than those in the sham operation group, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Postoperative lung injury scores and lung wet/dry weight ratio in the intervention group were significantly lower than those in the experimental group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The expressions of TLR4 and p65 in the lung tissues of the experimental and intervention groups were significantly higher than those of the sham operation group, and the expressions of TLR4 and p65 in the lung tissues of the intervention group were significantly lower than those of the experimental group, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#LXA4 can reduce the severity of acute necrotizing pancreatitis-associated lung injury, and its mechanism is related to reducing the stimulation of endotoxin, thus inhibiting TLR4 signaling pathway and the activation of p65 to down-regulate the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Expression of toll-like receptor 4/NF-κB signaling pathway in acute necrotizing pancreatitis-associated lung injury and intervention of lipoxin A4 analogue / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To explore the role of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB signaling pathway in acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP)-associated lung injury and the intervention of lipoxin A4 (LXA4) analogue.Methods Forty-five Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly(random number)divided into the sham operation group,experimental group,and intervention group,each group containing 15 rats.ANP animal models were prepared by injecting sodium taurocholate into biliopancreatic tube in the experimental group.No sodium taurocholate was injected into biliopancreatic duct in the sham operation group.After the preparation of ANP animal models in the intervention group,LXA4 was injected through the tail vein.Rats in each group were randomly divided into 3 subgroups (n=5 each subgroup).The serum amylase,TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6 and endotoxin levels were detected 6,12 and 24 h after the operation.The lung injury scores were assessed and the lung wet/dry weight ratio was calculated.The expressions of TLR4 and NF-rκB p65 in lung tissues were detected by Western blot.Results Serum levels of amylase,TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6 and endotoxin in the experimental and intervention groups were significantly higher than those in the sham operation group,while the levels of the above indicators in the intervention group was significantly lower than those in the experimental group,and the differences were statistically significant (P＜0.05).Postoperative lung injury scores and lung wet/dry weight ratio in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the sham operation group,and the differences were statistically significant (P＜0.05).Lung injury scores in the intervention group 6 h after operation had no significant difference compared with those in the sham operation group (P ＞ 0.05),while lung wet/dry weight ratio in the intervention group 6 h after operation,and lung injury scores and lung wet/dry weight ratio in the intervention group 12 h or 24 h respectively after operation were significantly higher than those in the sham operation group,with statistically significant differences (P＜0.05).Postoperative lung injury scores and lung wet/dry weight ratio in the intervention group were significantly lower than those in the experimental group,and the differences were statistically significant (P＜0.05).The expressions of TLR4 and p65 in the lung tissues of the experimental and intervention groups were significantly higher than those of the sham operation group,and the expressions of TLR4 and p65 in the lung tissues of the intervention group were significantly lower than those of the experimental group,with statistically significant differences (P＜0.05).Conclusions LXA4 can reduce the severity of acute necrotizing pancreatitis-associated lung injury,and its mechanism is related to reducing the stimulation of endotoxin,thus inhibiting TLR4 signaling pathway and the activation of p65 to down-regulate the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines.